Assessment of sleep quality of patients with panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder during remission: a case-control study

Abstract Background Sleep disorders are common in psychiatric diseases. Panic disorder (PD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are two major anxiety disorders that are associated with sleep disorders. Objective We hypothesized that poor sleep quality continues in PD and GAD during remission. Therefore, in this study we aimed to compare the sleep quality of patients with PD and GAD to that of healthy controls. Methods The study included patients with PD (n = 42) and GAD (n = 40) who had been in remission for at least 3 months and healthy control volunteers (n = 45). The patients were administered the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results The total PSQI scores of the GAD group were significantly increased in comparison to those of the PD (p = 0.009) and control (p < 0.001) groups. The rate of poor sleep quality in GAD during remission (77.5%) was greater than that of the PD (47.6%) and control (51.1%) groups (p = 0.011). Discussion GAD is a chronic and recurrent disease. In this study, it was found that the deterioration in sleep quality of patients with GAD may continue during remission. In the follow-up and treatment of patients, it is appropriate to question about sleep symptoms and to plan interventions according to these symptoms.

Resultados a corto plazo del tratamiento con 131I en el bocio multinodular: valor adicional de la estimulación previa con rhTSH / Short-term results of treatment with 131I in multinodular goiter: additional value of previus stimulation with Recombinant human thyrotropin

OBJETIVO: El yodo radiactivo (131I) es una opción terapeútica segura y eficaz cuando se utiliza solo o con la estimulación previa de TSH recombinante humana (rhTSH) en el tratamiento del bocio multinodular (BMN). En espera de ensayos clínicos que determinen la dosis óptima, demuestren seguridad y confirmen la eficacia, diferentes protocolos se utilizan para aplicar la dosis de 131I. Analizamos la respuesta al tratamiento con una dosis calculada por protocolo mixto (dosis fijas y cálculo por porcentaje de captación) en pacientes con BMN toxico y no toxico en nuestro hospital, en el periodo 2010-2013. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio prospectivo en pacientes con BMN no quirúrgico (BMNNQ) que requerían reducción del volumen glandular y/o tratamiento del hipertiroidismo. Se evaluaron 134 pacientes, 14 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión (13mujeres) de edad media 71.08 años. Un grupo con BMN toxico, otro grupo con BMN no toxico, un tercer grupo con BMN no toxico estimulado con 0,1 mg de rhTSH previo a la dosis. Se evaluó, función tiroidea, captación tiroidea de 99ᵐTc, volumen tiroideo y síntomas compresivos. Se siguió a los pacientes durante 12 meses. RESULTADOS: Se aplicaron dosis entre 15 y 30 mCi de 131I. Remitió el hipertiroidismo en 6 de 7 pacientes. Hubo una reducción del volumen glandular (p<0.01).Los pacientes con estímulo de 0,1 mg rhTSH, aumentaron el porcentaje de captación de 99ᵐTc a las 24 h en un 32.43±10.61 permitiendo aplicar menor dosis de 131I. La tasa de aparición de hipotiroidismo fue de 7.41 por cada 100 pacientes.mes, mayor en pacientes con BMN toxico tratados con dosis bajas (p-=0.03). Hubo una mejoría subjetiva de la clínica compresiva en todos los pacientes. No hubo eventos adversos. CONCLUSIONES: Una dosis de 131I calculada por protocolo mixto es efectiva y segura para la reducción del volumen glandular y control del hipertiroidismo asociado. La estimulación con rhTSH logra el mismo efecto con una menor dosis administrada.

OBJECTIVE: Radioactive iodine (131I) is a safe and effective therapeutic option when used alone or with prior stimulation of recombinant human Thyrotropin (rhTSH) in the treatment of multinodular goiter (MNG). In absence of clinical trials that determine the optimal dose, demonstrate safety and confirm efficacy, different protocols are used to apply the dose of 131I. We analyze the response to treatment with a dose calculated by mixed protocol (fixed doses and calculation by percentage of uptake) in patients with toxic and non-toxic MNG in our hospital, in the period 2010-2013. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective study in patients with non-surgical MNG that required glandular volume reduction and / or treatment of hyperthyroidism. 134 patients were evaluated, 14 met the inclusion criteria (13 women) of average age 71.08 years. One group with toxic MNG, another group with non-toxic MNG and a third with non-toxic multinodular goiter stimulated with 0.1 mg of rhTSH prior to the dose. Patients were followed for 12 months. Upon following, we assessed Thyroid function, 99ᵐTc thyroid uptake, thyroid volume and compressive symptoms. RESULTS: Doses between 15 and 30 mCi of 131I were applied. We observed hyperthyroidism remission in 6 of 7 patients. There was a reduction in glandular volume (p <0.01) considering all patients. Patients with a stimulus of 0.1 mg rhTSH, increased the percentage of uptake of 99ᵐTc at 24 h by 32.43 ± 10.61, allowing a lower dose of 131I to be applied. The rate of onset of hypothyroidism was 7.41 per 100 patients-month, and was higher in patients with toxic MNG treated with low doses (p = 0.03). There was a subjective improvement of the compression clinic in all patients. No adverse events were observed. CONCLUSIONS: A dose of 131I calculated by a mixed protocol is effective and safe for achieving glandular volume reduction and associated hyperthyroidism control. Stimulation with rhTSH produces the same effect with a lower administered dose.

Tratamiento exitoso del pioderma grangrenoso con metotrexate en paciente con enfermedad de Crohn / Successful treatment of gangrenous pyoderma with methotrexate in a patient with Crohn's disease

El pioderma gangrenoso (PG), es una dermatosis neutrofílica, cutáneo-ulcerativa, no infecciosa, que ocurre hasta en un 2% de los pacientes con enfermedad de Crohn (EC). Su aparición suele ser independiente del curso clínico de la EC. Las terapias más utilizadas han sido los corticoides sistémicos, la ciclosporina y la terapia biológica, los cuales han mostrado buenos resultados. El Metotrexate (MTX) es un fármaco antimetabolito con actividad antiinflamatoriaque se caracteriza por una dosificación semanal, un inicio de acción más rápida, con buen perfil de seguridad relacionado con neoplasias malignas y sobretodo un menor costo. Posee eficacia en la inducción de la remisión en pacientes con EC, sin embargo su eficacia en el manejo de manifestaciones extraintestinales como el PG es incierta. Presentamos el caso de un varón joven que acude a urgencias por diarrea crónica, pérdida de peso, y fiebre acompañado de un nódulo doloroso, eritematoso, situado a nivel pretibial compatible con PG en el contexto de EC. Fue manejado inicialmente con corticoides sistémicos sin mejoría. De tal forma, se inició terapia concomitante con MTX con respuesta clínica y analítica favorable. En conclusión, la terapia concomitante de cortiocoides sistémicos y MTX en pacientes con EC con PG podría suponer un tratamiento alternativo al no contar con disponibilidad de ciclosporina o terapia biológica en nuestro medio.

Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is a neutrophilic, cutaneous-ulcerative, non-infectious dermatosis that occurs in up to 2% of patients with Crohn's disease (CD). Its appearance is usually independent of the clinical course of CD. The most used therapies have been systemic corticosteroids, cyclosporine and biological therapy, which have shown good results. Methotrexate (MTX) is an antimetabolite drug with anti-inflammatory activity characterized by a weekly dosage, a faster onset of action, with a good safety profile related to malignant neoplasms and, above all, a lower cost. It is effective in the induction of remission in patients with CD, however its efficacy in the management of extraintestinal manifestations such as PG is uncertain. We present the case of a young man who comes to the emergency room with an history of chronic diarrhea, weight loss, and fever accompanied by a painful, erythematous nodule, located at the lower extremity compatible with PG in the context of CD. It was initially managed with systemic corticosteroids without improvement. Concomitant therapy with MTX was started with a favorable clinical outcome. In conclusion, the concomitant therapy of systemic corticosteroids and MTX in patients with CD with PG could be an alternative treatment in cases where cyclosporine or biological therapy is not available.

Decreased health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with autoimmune hepatitis / Redução na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em crianças e adolescentes com hepatite autoimune

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with autoimmune hepatitis. Methods: A cross-sectional assessment with the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 (PedsQL 4.0) was completed for 80 patients with autoimmune hepatitis and 45 healthy controls. Demographic data, prednisone dose, disease remission state, disease severity, and abdominal pain were also evaluated. Results: Based on the child self-reports, physical, emotional, school, and total scores were significantly lower in autoimmune hepatitis patients when compared with controls (p < 0.05). Based on the parental reports, only the physical and total scores were significantly lower in autoimmune hepatitis patients versus controls (p < 0.05). Further analysis in autoimmune hepatitis patients with abdominal pain in the last month revealed significantly lower physical, social, and total median scores (p < 0.05). No differences were observed based on disease remission state or disease severity (p > 0.05). Autoimmune hepatitis patients who received a prednisone dose below 0.16 mg/kg/day at the time of the interview showed significantly higher physical scores than those who received a dose similar to or above 0.16 mg/kg/day (87.5 [50-100] vs. 75 [15.63-100], p = 0.006). Conclusions: Reduced scores in the physical, emotional, and school domains were observed in pediatric autoimmune hepatitis patients compared to control patients. Abdominal pain and corticosteroid dose negatively influenced the health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with autoimmune hepatitis.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em crianças e adolescentes com hepatite autoimune (HAI). Métodos: Foi concluída uma avaliação transversal com o Inventário Pediátrico de Qualidade de Vida 4.0 (PedsQL 4.0) para 80 pacientes com hepatite autoimune e 45 controles saudáveis. Os dados demográficos, a dose de prednisona, o estado de remissão da doença, a gravidade da doença e dor abdominal também foram avaliados. Resultados: Com base nos autorrelatos das crianças, os escores físico, emocional, escolar e total foram significativamente menores em pacientes com hepatite autoimune em comparação com os controles (p < 0,05). Com base nos relatos dos pais, apenas os escores físico e total foram significativamente menores em pacientes com hepatite autoimune em comparação com os controles (p < 0,05). Uma análise adicional em pacientes com hepatite autoimune com dor abdominal no mês passado revelou escores médios físico, social e total significativamente menores (p < 0,05). Nenhuma diferença foi observada com base no estado de remissão da doença ou na gravidade da doença (p > 0,05). Os pacientes com hepatite autoimune que receberam uma dose de prednisona abaixo de 0,16 mg/kg/dia no momento da entrevista mostraram escores físicos significativamente maiores que os que receberam uma dose semelhante ou acima de 0,16 mg/kg/dia [87,5 (50-100) em comparação com 75 (15,63-100), p = 0,006]. Conclusões: Escores reduzidos nos domínios físico, emocional e escolar foram observados em pacientes pediátricos com hepatite autoimune em comparação com pacientes do grupo de controle. Dor abdominal e dose de corticosteroide influenciaram negativamente a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em crianças e adolescentes com hepatite autoimune.

Repercussões em longo prazo da derivação gástrica em Y de Roux em população de baixa renda: avaliação após dez anos de cirurgia / Long-term repercussions of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in a low-income population: assessment ten years after surgery

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a evolução ponderal, nutricional e a qualidade de vida de pacientes de baixa renda, após dez anos de derivação gástrica em Y de Roux (DGYR). Métodos: estudo longitudinal, retrospectivo e descritivo, que avaliou a perda do excesso de peso, o reganho de peso, a evolução da hipertensão arterial, do diabetes mellitus tipo 2, da anemia e da hipoalbuminemia em 42 pacientes de classes sociais D e E submetidos à DGYR. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada através do Bariatric Analysis and Reporting Outcome System (BAROS). Resultados: dos 42 pacientes, 68,3% se definiram como não praticantes de atividade física regular, e somente 44,4% e 11,9% tinham acompanhamento médico e nutricional regulares, respectivamente. Foi encontrada média da perda do excesso de peso de 75,6%±12 (IC=71,9-79,4) e perda ponderal insuficiente apenas em um paciente. O reganho ponderal médio foi de 22,3%±16,2 (IC=17,2-27,3), com 64,04% da amostra apresentando reganho maior do que 15% do peso mínimo. 52,3% da amostra apresentou anemia após dez anos de cirurgia e 47,6% deficiência de ferro. Hipoalbuminemia foi encontrada em 16,6% da amostra. Houve remissão da HAS em 66% e do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em 50%. O BAROS demonstrou melhora na qualidade de vida em 85,8% dos pacientes. Conclusão: pudemos observar, em uma população com diversas limitações socioeconômicas, que a DGYR manteve resultados satisfatórios quanto à perda peso, mas o seguimento ineficiente pode comprometer o resultado final, especialmente no que diz respeito às deficiências nutricionais.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the weight, nutritional and quality of life of low-income patients after ten years of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Methods: we conducted a longitudinal, retrospective and descriptive study evaluating the excess weight loss, weight regain, arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, anemia and hypoalbuminemia in 42 patients of social classes D and E submitted to RYGB. We assessed quality of life through the Bariatric Analysis and Reporting Outcome System (BAROS). Results: of the 42 patients, 68.3% defined themselves as doing non-regular physical activity, and only 44.4% and 11.9% had regular medical and nutritional follow-up, respectively. We found a mean excess weight loss of 75.6%±12 (CI=71.9-79.4), and in only one patient there was insufficient weight loss. The mean weight loss was 22.3%±16.2 (CI=17.2-27.3) with 64.04% of the sample presenting regain greater than 15% of the minimum weight; 52.3% of the sample presented anemia after ten years of surgery and 47.6%, iron deficiency. We found hypoalbuminemia in 16.6% of the sample. There was remission of hypertension in 66%, and of type 2 diabetes mellitus, in 50%. BAROS showed an improvement in the quality of life of 85.8% of the patients. Conclusion: in a population with different socioeconomic limitations, RYGB maintained satisfactory results regarding weight loss, but inefficient follow-up may compromise the final result, especially with regard to nutritional deficiencies.

Predictores de remisión del trastorno depresivo mayor en tratamiento en el nivel secundario de atención / Predictors of remission from major depressive disorder in secondary care

Background The knowledge of predictive factors in depression should help to deal with the disease. Aim To assess potential predictors of remission of major depressive disorders (MDD) in secondary care and to propose a predictive model. Material and Methods A 12 month follow-up study was conducted in a sample of 112 outpatients at three psychiatric care centers of Chile, with baseline and quarterly assessments. Demographic, psychosocial, clinical and treatment factors as potential predictors, were assessed. A clinical interview with the checklist of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, the Hamilton Depression Scale and the List of Threatening Experiences and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support were applied. Results The number of stressful events, perceived social support, baseline depression scores, melancholic features, time prior to beginning treatment at the secondary level and psychotherapeutic sessions were included in the model as predictors of remission. Sex, age, number of previous depressive episodes, psychiatric comorbidity and medical comorbidity were not significantly related with remission. Conclusions This model allows to predict depression score at six months with 70% of accuracy and the score at 12 months with 72% of accuracy.

Eficacia de terapia concomitante sin bismuto en la erradicación de Helicobacter pylori en Chile: estudio prospectivo / Efficacy of non-bismuth concomitant therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication in Chile: a prospective study

Standard triple therapy (TT), used massively as first-line empirical therapy for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication, has shown a progressive decrease in its effectiveness, probably due to increasing resistance to clarithromycin. Recent studies in Chile show eradication under 90%, a limit suggested as adequate efficacy. The so-called concomitant therapy (CT) comprising a proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin, clarithromycin and metronidazole is the non-bismuth first-line therapy most recommended in current guidelines. However, we have no local data to assess the effectiveness of this regimen. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the effectiveness of CT in a group of patients controlled at a private health center in Santiago, Chile. Patients received 40 mg esomeprazole, 1 g amoxicillin, 500 mg clarithromycin and 500 mg metronidazole, every 12 hours, for 14 days. Sixty-six patients were included, of these patients, 36 returned to control. CT was successful in 33/36 patients, corresponding to 92% (95% CI: 82.5-100%, per protocol analysis). The frequency of significant side effects was 25% (mainly diarrhea and abdominal pain) and only one patient discontinued the treatment. In conclusion, 14-days CT therapy is effective to eradicate H. pylori and could be recommended as first-line empirical regimen, at least in the studied population segment and geographical area. Additional studies are necessary to confirm its efficacy in other socioeconomic and/or geographical settings.

La terapia triple estándar (TT), utilizada masivamente como terapia de primera línea empírica para erradicación de Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) ha mostrado una progresiva disminución de su efectividad, probablemente por resistencia creciente a claritromicina. Los últimos estudios en Chile muestran erradicación bajo 90%, límite sugerido como eficacia adecuada. Esto ha motivado la búsqueda de esquemas alternativos más eficaces, siendo la así llamada terapia concomitante (TC), que consiste en un inhibidor de la bomba de protones, amoxicilina, claritromicina y metronidazol, el esquema sin bismuto más recomendado en guías clínicas recientes. Sin embargo, no contamos con datos locales que evalúen su efectividad. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar prospectivamente la efectividad de TC en un grupo de pacientes controlados en un centro de salud privado de Santiago de Chile. Los pacientes recibieron esomeprazol 40 mg, amoxicilina 1 g, claritromicina 500 mg y metronidazol 500 mg cada 12 h, por 14 días. Se incluyeron 66 pacientes, de los cuales 36 volvieron a control. La TC fue exitosa en 33/36 pacientes, correspondientes al 92% (IC 95%: 82,5-100%; análisis por protocolo). La frecuencia de efectos colaterales significativos fue 25% (principalmente diarrea y dolor abdominal) y sólo un paciente suspendió el tratamiento por esta causa. En conclusión, la TC por 14 días es efectiva para erradicar H. pylori, al menos en el segmento poblacional y área geográfica estudiados y es un esquema empírico que pudiera recomendarse como primera línea en nuestro medio, aunque se requiere confirmar su eficacia en otros grupos poblacionales.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus remission eighteen months after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass / Remissão do Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 dezoito meses após gastroplastia com derivação em Y-de-Roux

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in improving the glycemic profile of obese patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) after 18 months of follow-up. Methods: four hundred sixty-eight pacients with DM2 and BMI ≥35 were submitted to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, from 1998 to 2010. All patients were submitted to glycemic control analysis in the 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th and 18th postoperative months. We considered: type 2 diabetic patients, the ones with fasting glucose ≥126mg/dl and HbA1C ≥6.5 in two dosages; high risk patients for diabetes, those who presented fasting glucose ≥ 100 to 125 mg/dl and HbA1C between 5.7%-6.4%; and normal patients, those presenting glucose <100mg/dl and HbA1C <5.7%. Such diagnostic criteria were based on the official position of Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes, published in July, 2011. Results: The remission of DM2 was seen in 410 (87.6%) out of 468 patients 18 months after the surgery, that being a meaningful difference, with p<0.001. Fourty-eight (10.3%) patients sustained criteria for the disease and ten (2.1%) continued at high risk for DM2. Conclusions: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass was effective in the promotion and maintaince of long-term glycemic control. There are evidences showing that the remission of DM2 is not only related to weight loss and that other enteroinsular axis mechanisms must be involved.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a eficácia da gastroplastia com derivação em Y-de-Roux, em pacientes obesos e portadores de Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), na melhoria do perfil glicêmico após 18 meses de seguimento. Métodos: foram submetidos à derivação gástrica em Y-de-Roux 468 pacientes com IMC ≥35 e portadores de DM2, no período de 1998 a 2010. Todos os pacientes tiveram a análise do controle glicêmico realizadas no terceiro, sexto, nono, 12o e 18o meses de pós-operatório. Os critérios diagnósticos de diabetes foram baseados no Posicionamento Oficial da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes, publicado em julho de 2011. Resultados: observou-se a remissão do DM2 em 410 pacientes (87,6%) após 18 meses da cirurgia, sendo essa diferença significativa com p-valor <0,001. A doença se manteve inalterada em 48 pacientes (10,3%), e dez pacientes (2,1%) permaneceram com o risco aumentado para DM2. Conclusão: a gastroplastia com derivação em Y-de-Roux foi efetiva na promoção e manutenção do controle glicêmico em longo prazo.

Outcomes of inpatients with severe mental illness: a naturalistic descriptive study

Objective: To describe and evaluate the response and predictors of remission during inpatient treatment in a psychiatric unit in a general hospital based on symptomatology, functionality, and quality of life (QoL). Methods: Patients were admitted to a psychiatric unit in a tertiary general hospital in Brazil from June 2011 to December 2013 and included in the study if they met two of the severe mental illness (SMI) criteria: Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) ≤ 50 and duration of service contact ≥ 2 years. Patients were assessed by the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) Severity Scale , GAF, the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument – Abbreviated version (WHOQOL-Bref), and specific diagnostic scales. Results: A total of 239 patients were included. BPRS mean scores were 25.54±11.37 at admission and 10.96±8.11 at discharge (p < 0.001). Patients with manic episodes (odds ratio: 4.03; 95% confidence interval: 1.14-14.30; p = 0.03) were more likely to achieve remission (CGI ≤ 2 at discharge) than those with depressive episodes. Mean length of stay was 28.95±19.86 days. All QoL domains improved significantly in the whole sample. Conclusion: SMI patients had marked improvements in symptomatic and functional measures during psychiatric hospitalization. Patients with manic episodes had higher chance of remission according to the CGI.

Prognostic factors for the evolution and reversibility of chronic rejection in pediatric liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: Chronic rejection remains a major cause of graft failure with indication for re-transplantation. The incidence of chronic rejection remains high in the pediatric population. Although several risk factors have been implicated in adults, the prognostic factors for the evolution and reversibility of chronic rejection in pediatric liver transplantation are not known. Hence, the current study aimed to determine the factors involved in the progression or reversibility of pediatric chronic rejection by evaluating a series of chronic rejection cases following liver transplantation. METHODS: Chronic rejection cases were identified by performing liver biopsies on patients based on clinical suspicion. Treatment included maintaining high levels of tacrolimus and the introduction of mofetil mycophenolate. The children were divided into 2 groups: those with favorable outcomes and those with adverse outcomes. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify potential risk factors in these groups. RESULTS: Among 537 children subjected to liver transplantation, chronic rejection occurred in 29 patients (5.4%). In 10 patients (10/29, 34.5%), remission of chronic rejection was achieved with immunosuppression (favorable outcomes group). In the remaining 19 patients (19/29, 65.5%), rejection could not be controlled (adverse outcomes group) and resulted in re-transplantation (7 patients, 24.1%) or death (12 patients, 41.4%). Statistical analysis showed that the presence of ductopenia was associated with worse outcomes (risk ratio=2.08, p=0.01). CONCLUSION: The presence of ductopenia is associated with poor prognosis in pediatric patients with chronic graft rejection.

Anesthesiologist: the patient's perception / O anestesiologista: a visão do doente

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Anesthesia is still a major concern for patients, although the anesthetic complications have decreased significantly. Additionally, the role assigned to the anesthesiologist remains inaccurate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concerns with anesthesia and assess the patient's knowledge about the anesthesiologist's duties. METHODS: Prospective study conducted over three months with patients in the preoperative anesthetic visit in a university hospital. Demographic information about the level of education and prior anesthesia was obtained. The knowledge of patients regarding the anesthesiologists' education was evaluated. Patients' concerns and anesthesiologist and surgeon responsibilities were classified with a 5-point scale. The analysis was performed with SPSS 21, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: We included 204 patients, and 135 (66.2%) recognized the anesthesiologist as a specialist physician. Not waking up after surgery and postoperative infection were the main concerns compared to all others (p < 0.05). Women expressed more concern than men about not waking up after surgery, nausea and postoperative vomiting, medical problems, and waking up during surgery (p < 0.05). Ensure that patients do not wake up during surgery was the anesthesiologist task most recognized, compared to all other (p < 0.05). The surgeon was more recognized (p < 0.05) than the anesthesiologist in post-operative, antibiotics administration, and blood transfusions pain management. CONCLUSIONS: Patients need to be informed about the current safety of anesthesia and the anesthesiologist's functions. The patient involvement will demystify some fears and reassure the confidence in the health system.

JUSTIFICATIVA/OBJETIVOS: A anestesia ainda é uma preocupação importante para os doentes, embora as complicações anestésicas tenham diminuído significativamente. Adicionalmente, o papel atribuído ao anestesiologista permanece impreciso. Avaliar as preocupações com a anestesia e verificar o conhecimento dos doentes acerca das funções do anestesiologista foram os objetivos deste estudo. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospetivo decorrido durante 3 meses em doentes com consulta de anestesia pré-operatória num Hospital Universitário. Foi questionada informação demográfica, nível de educação e anestesia prévia. Foi avaliado o conhecimento dos doentes relativamente à educação do anestesiologista. As preocupações dos doentes, responsabilidades dos anestesiologistas e cirurgiões foram classificadas usando uma escala de 5 pontos. A análise foi realizada com SPSS 21, p < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 204 doentes. 135 (66,2%) reconheceram o anestesiologista como médico especialista. Não acordar após a cirurgia e infeção pós-operatória foram as principais preocupações, comparativamente a todas as outras (p < 0,05). As mulheres manifestaram maior preocupação do que os homens com (p < 0,05): não acordar após a cirurgia, náuseas e vómitos pós-operatórios, problemas médicos e acordar durante a cirurgia. Assegurar que os doentes não acordem durante a cirurgia foi a tarefa mais reconhecida no anestesiologista, comparativamente a todas as outras (p < 0,05). O cirurgião foi mais reconhecido (p < 0,05) do que o anestesiologista na gestão da dor pós-operatória, administração de antibióticos e transfusões sanguíneas. CONCLUSÕES: Os doentes necessitam de ser informados acerca da atual segurança da anestesia e sobre as funções do anestesiologista. Envolver o doente irá desmistificar alguns receios e reassegurar a confiança no sistema de saúde.

Síndrome nefrótico idiopático: recomendaciones de la Rama de Nefrología de la Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría. Parte 2 / Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome: recommendations of the Nephrology Branch of the Chilean Society of Pediatrics. Part two

El síndrome nefrótico idiopático es la glomerulopatía más frecuente en la infancia, afecta a 1-3/100 mil niños menores de 16 años y se presenta con más frecuencia entre los 2 y 10 años. Su causa es desconocida, y la mayoría de las veces responde a corticoides, con buen pronóstico a largo plazo. El síndrome nefrótico corticorresistente representa un 10-20% de los síndromes nefróticos idiopáticos en pediatría. Tiene mal pronóstico, y su manejo constituye un desafío terapéutico significativo. La mitad de los pacientes evoluciona a insuficiencia renal crónica terminal en un plazo de 5 años, estando expuestos además a las complicaciones secundarias a un síndrome nefrótico persistente y a efectos adversos de la terapia inmunosupresora. El objetivo fundamental del tratamiento es conseguir una remisión completa, pero una remisión parcial se asocia a una mejor sobrevida renal que la falta de respuesta. Este documento surgió de un esfuerzo colaborativo de la Rama de Nefrología de la Sociedad Chilena de Pediatría con el objetivo de ayudar a los pediatras y nefrólogos infantiles en el tratamiento del síndrome nefrótico idiopático en pediatría. En esta segunda parte, se discute el manejo del síndrome nefrótico corticorresistente, así como de las terapias no específicas.

Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is the most common glomerular disease in childhood, affecting 1 to 3 per 100,000 children under the age of 16. It most commonly occurs in ages between 2 and 10. Its cause is unknown, and its histology corresponds to minimal change disease in 90% of cases, or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome represents 10-20% of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in pediatrics. It has a poor prognosis, and its management is a significant therapeutic challenge. Half of patients evolve to end-stage renal disease within 5 years, and are additionally exposed to complications secondary to persistent NS and to the adverse effects of immunosuppressive therapy. The primary goal of treatment is to achieve complete remission, but even a partial remission is associated with a better renal survival than the lack of response. This paper is the result of the collaborative effort of the Nephrology Branch of the Chilean Society of Pediatrics with aims at helping pediatricians and pediatric nephrologists to treat pediatric idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. In this second part, handling of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome as well as nonspecific therapies are discussed.

The use of neurovascular ultrasound versus digital subtraction angiography in acute ischemic stroke / O uso do ultrassom neurovascular comparado a angiografia digital no AVC isquêmico agudo

Cervical and intracranial arterial evaluation is an important issue for acute ischemic stroke (IS). Objective Compare the use of the neurovascular ultrasound examination (NVUE) to digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in acute IS patients for diagnosing significant extracranial and intracranial arteriopathy. Method Nonconsecutive patients with IS or transient ischemic attack admitted within 12 hours of the onset of symptoms were evaluated retrospectively. Standardized NVUE and DSA were done in all patients within the first 120 hours of hospital admission. Results Twenty-four patients were included in the study. Compared to DSA, the NVUE demonstrated 94.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity for identifying symptomatic extracranial and/or intracranial arteriopathy. Conclusion The standardized NVUE technique demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity compared to DSA for diagnosing arterial abnormalities in acute IS patients. .

A avaliação cervical e intracraniana é uma etapa importante no AVC isquêmico (AVCi) agudo. Objetivo Comparar o uso do ultrassom neurovascular (USNV) com técnica padronizada e a angiografia digital (AD) em paciente com AVCi agudo no diagnóstico de doença arterial significativa extra e/ou intracraniana. Método Pacientes com AVCi e AIT admitidos em até 12 horas do início dos sintomas foram retrospectivamente avaliados. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a USNV e AD padronizado em até 120 horas da admissão. Resultados Vinte e quatro pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. Em comparação com a AD, o USNV apresentou sensibilidade de 94,7% e especificidade de 100% para o diagnóstico de doença arterial significativa extra e/ou intracraniana. Conclusão O uso de técnica padronizada de USNV demonstrou elevada sensibilidade e especificidade para o diagnóstico de doença arterial significativa extra e intracraniana quando comparado a AD. .

Effectiveness of Enteral Nutritional Therapy in the Healing Process of Pressure Ulcers: A Systematic Review / Efectividad de la terapia de nutrición enteral en el proceso de cicatrización de las úlceras por presión: revisión sistemática / Efetividade da terapia nutricional enteral no processo de cicatrização das úlceras por pressão: revisão sistemática

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of enteral nutritional therapy (ENT) in the healing process of pressure ulcers (PU) in adults and the elderly. METHOD A systematic review whose studies were identified through the databases of Cochrane, MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and manual searches. It included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) without delimiting the period or language of publication, which addressed adults and elderly patients with pressure ulcers in a comparative treatment of enteral nutritional therapy and placebo or between enteral nutritional therapy with different compositions and dosages. RESULTS We included ten studies that considered different interventions. It resulted in more pressure ulcers healed in the groups that received the intervention. The included studies were heterogeneous with regard to patients, the type of intervention, the sample and the follow-up period, all of which made meta-analysis impossible. CONCLUSION Although the enteral nutritional therapy demonstrates a promotion of pressure ulcer healing, sufficient evidence to confirm the hypothesis was not found. .

OBJETIVO Evaluar la efectividad de la terapia de nutrición enteral en el proceso de cicatrización de las úlceras por presión en adultos y ancianos MÉTODO Revisión sistemática cuyos estudios fueron identificados por medio de las bases de datos Cochrane, MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, y por búsqueda manual. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos randomizados, sin delimitación de período e idioma de la publicación, que abordaron a pacientes adultos y ancianos portadores de úlceras por presión, en tratamiento comparativo entre terapia de nutrición enteral y placebo o entre terapia de nutrición enteral con distintas composiciones y dosificaciones. RESULTADOS Fueron incluidos diez estudios, que contemplaron diferentes intervenciones. Señalaron mayor cantidad de úlceras por presión cicatrizadas en los grupos que recibieron la intervención. Los estudios incluidos fueron heterogéneos con relación a los pacientes, la clase de intervención, la muestra y el tiempo de seguimiento, y los aspectos que hicieron inviable el metanálisis. CONCLUSIÓN Aunque la terapia de nutrición enteral demuestre favorecer la cicatrización de la úlcera por presión, no se encontraron evidencias suficientes para confirmar dicha hipótesis. .

OBJETIVO Avaliar a efetividade da terapia nutricional enteral no processo de cicatrização das úlceras por pressão em adultos e idosos. MÉTODO Revisão sistemática cujos estudos foram identificados por meio das bases de dados Cochrane, MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, e por busca manual. Incluíram-se ensaios clínicos randomizados, sem delimitação de período e idioma da publicação, que abordaram pacientes adultos e idosos portadores de úlceras por pressão, em tratamento comparativo entre terapia nutricional enteral e placebo ou entre terapia nutricional enteral com diferentes composições e dosagens. RESULTADOS Foram incluídos dez estudos, que contemplaram diferentes intervenções. Apontaram maior número de úlceras por pressão cicatrizadas nos grupos que receberam a intervenção. Os estudos incluídos foram heterogêneos em relação aos pacientes, ao tipo de intervenção, à amostra e ao tempo de seguimento, aspectos que inviabilizaram a metanálise. CONCLUSÃO Embora a terapia nutricional enteral demonstre favorecer a cicatrização de úlcera por pressão, não foram encontradas evidências suficientes para confirmar essa hipótese. .

Meta-analysis on the efficacy and tolerability of the augmentation of antidepressants with atypical antipsychotics in patients with major depressive disorder

We assessed the efficacy and tolerability of the augmentation of antidepressants (ATDs) with atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) to treat patients with major depressive disorder. A retrograde study to identify relevant patient data included databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects. Data from 17 trials, involving 3807 participants, were identified. The remission rate (RR) and overall response rate (ORR) of adjunctive treatment with AAPs were significantly higher than placebo treatment: RR=1.90 (95%CI=1.61-2.23, z=7.74, P<0.00001) and ORR=1.68 (95%CI=1.45-1.94, z=7.07, P<0.00001). We found that the short-term (4 weeks) treatment [ORR=1.70 (95%CI=0.98-2.95, Z=1.89, P=0.06)] was significantly different from the long-term (6-12 weeks) treatment [ORR=1.68 (95%CI=1.45-1.94, z=7.07, P<0.00001)]. No significant difference in ORR was observed between groups with or without sedative drugs. The discontinuation rate due to adverse effects was higher for adjunctive treatment with AAPs: ORR=3.32 (95%CI=2.35-4.70, z=6.78, P<0.00001). These results demonstrate that the augmentation of ATDs with AAPs (olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole, and risperidone) was more effective than a placebo in improving response and remission rates, although associated with a higher discontinuation rate due to adverse effects.

Vasculitis asociadas a anticuerpos anti-citoplasma de neutrófilos: Clínica y tratamiento / Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: Clinical aspects and treatment

Las vasculitis asociadas a anticuerpos anti-citoplasma de neutrófilos (ANCA) comprenden a un grupo de enfermedades caracterizadas por la inflamación de la pared de pequeños vasos. Analizamos las características epidemiológicas y clínicas en una serie de 47 pacientes: 23 (49%) granulomatosis de Wegener (GW), 15 (32%) poliangeítis microscópica (PAM) y nueve (19%) vasculitis limitada al riñón (VLR). La edad media al inicio de los síntomas fue de 50.7 ± 14.9 años. La manifestación clínica más frecuente fue el compromiso renal en 41 (87%) pacientes, seguido por el pulmonar en 26 (55%) y el otorrinolaringológico en 17 (36%). En 26 (55%) se asoció compromiso renal y pulmonar. La forma clínica más frecuente fue la generalizada en 23 (49%), seguida por la grave en 18 (38%). El 89% presentaron determinaciones de ANCA positivas. Cuatro (8%) no recibieron tratamiento inmunosupresor de inicio. De los 43 que recibieron tratamiento de inicio, 29 (67%) tuvieron remisión completa, con un tiempo de remisión promedio de 35.3 meses. Once (26%) presentaron recaídas, diez (91%) recaídas mayores y uno (9%) menor. Doce (28%) fallecieron, siete en forma temprana y cinco durante la evolución de la enfermedad. Quince (31%) evolucionaron a insuficiencia renal crónica. Los 26 pacientes en seguimiento tuvieron respuesta al tratamiento y 20 (77%) de ellos estaban en remisión al finalizar el estudio. Las vasculitis asociadas a ANCA continúan siendo enfermedades de alta morbilidad y mortalidad, a pesar de las mejorías logradas con los tratamientos inmunosupresores.

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis, comprise a group of diseases characterized by inflammation of the wall of small vessels. We analyzed epidemiological and clinical characteristics in a series of 47 patients, 23 (49%) with Wegener granulomatosis (WG), 15 (32%) with microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and nine (19%) with renal limited vasculitis (RLV). The mean age at onset of symptoms was 50.7 ± 14.9 years. The most frequent clinical manifestation was renal involvement in 41 (87%), followed by pulmonary manifestations in 26 (55%) and ENT involvement in 17 (36%). In 26 (55%) it presented with simultaneous pulmonary and renal involvement. The most frequent clinical category was the generalized form in 23 (49%), followed by the severe form in 18 (38%). Eighty nine percent of patients had positive ANCA test. Four (8%) received no immunosuppressive treatment. Of the 43 patients who were treated, 29 (67%) achieved complete remission with an average length of remission of 35.3 months. Eleven (26%) had a relapse, ten (91%) had a major relapse and one had a minor relapse. Twelve (28%) patients died, seven died early and five late during the course of the disease. Fifteen (31%) progressed to chronic renal failure. All 26 patients in follow-up had response to treatment and 20 (77%) were in remission at the end of the study. Despite the improvements achieved with immunosuppressive treatments, morbidity and mortality rates in ANCA-associated vasculitis remain high.

Resultados del tratamiento con neoadyuvancia del cáncer de recto localmente avanzado / Preoperative chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer, experience in 76 patients

Background: Preoperative chemoradiotherapy is helpful as an adjuvant treatment for locally advanced rectal carcinoma. Aim: To report the results of a prospective series of patients with rectal carcinoma treated with chemoradiotherapy and surgical excision. Material and Methods: Seventy six patients aged 28 to 84 years (51 percent women), with locally advanced rectal cancer (T3-T4 or N+) subjected to curative surgery and treated with radiotherapy and 5 fluoruracil with leucovorin, were included in this series. Results: Mean hospital stay was 12.5 +/- 7.2 days, 37 percent had operative complications and no patient died. The downstaging effect was more marked for local invasion than for lymph node involvement. In 21 percent of cases, a complete pathological response was achieved and no patient has had a relapse during a 59 months follow up. Conclusions: Among patients with rectal cancer, preoperative chemoradiotherapy does not increase surgical complications and has a marked impact in tumor downstaging.

Antecedentes: El tratamiento del cáncer de recto bajo localmente avanzado ha cambiado en la última década hacia la neoadyuvancia con radio quimioterapia (RQT) preoperatoria. Objetivo: Dar a conocer los resultados de una serie prospectiva de casos tratados con RQT preoperatoria más cirugía radical con resección total del mesorrecto. Pacientes y Método: se incluye los pacientes con un cáncer de recto medio e inferior localmente avanzado (T3-T4 y/o N+) tratados con intención curativa con radioterapia más 5-FU con leucovorina. Se detalla el impacto de la RQT en la pieza operatoria comparado con una serie similar sin radioterapia previa. Resultados: Se trata de 76 pacientes (51,3 por ciento mujeres) con un promedio etario de 61,9 años (extremos 28-84). El tiempo de hospitalización promedio fue 12,55 días (DE: 7,19; extremos 4-35), la morbilidad global de la serie fue 37 por ciento, no hubo mortalidad operatoria. El efecto del downstaging fue más marcado en el factor T que en el compromiso linfonodal y en el 21 por ciento de los casos se logró una respuesta patológica completa (RPC) o casi completa (RP), sin recidiva en este subgrupo luego de un seguimiento promedio de 59 meses. Conclusión: En esta serie la RQT preoperatoria no aumenta la morbilidad perioperatoria, tiene un impacto marcado en el downstaging patológico y la RPC o RP casi completa se asocia positivamente con la sobrevida a largo plazo.

Diclofenac in hyaluronic acid gel: an alternative treatment for actinic cheilitis

OBJECTIVE: Actinic cheilitis (AC) is a precancerous lesion of the lip vermillion caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 3 percent diclofenac in 2.5 percent hyaluronic acid gel in the treatment of AC. METHODS: Thirty-four patients with chronic AC were treated twice a day with topical diclofenac during a period of 30 to 180 days. The individuals were followed up every 15 days by means of clinical examination and digital photographic documentation. RESULTS: Of the 27 patients that completed the study, 12 (44 percent) showed complete remission of the whitish plaques and exfoliative areas, and 15 (56 percent) had partial remission of the clinical picture of cheilitis. The latter group was submitted to excision of the leukoplakic areas which diagnosis varied from mild to moderate epithelial dysplasia. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest a promising role for diclofenac in hyaluronic acid gel in the treatment of AC. This treatment has the advantages of not being invasive and showing few side effects.